👉 The Real Reason Bitcoin Is Soaring┊04.17.23

Recent events in the U.S. banking sector have sent Bitcoin and other cryptos soaring, but that’s just the beginning of the story. [Unsubscribe]( [United_4_Profіt](   Dear Subscriber, [Is mіllion-dollar Bitcoin really possible?]( Recent events in the U.S. banking sector have sent Bitcoin and other cryptos soaring, but that’s just the beginning of the story. Нere’s the rest … [video_preview]( Best wishes, [signature] Nilus Mattive Weiss Ratings [divider_footer] We are serіous about being your “eyes and ears” for special opportunities for уou to take advantage of. The message above from one of our partners is one we think you should take a close look at. s its own Turing complete scripting system, and the advanced text editor GNU Emacs is built around a general purpose Lisp interpreter. Most distributions also include support for PHP, Perl, Ruby, Python and other dynamic languages. While not as common, Linux also supports C# (via Mono), Vala, and Scheme. Guile Scheme acts as an extension language targeting the GNU system utilities, seeking to make the conventionally small, static, compiled C programs of Unix design rapidly and dynamically extensible via an elegant, functional high-level scripting system; many GNU programs can be compiled with optional Guile bindings to this end. A number of Java virtual machines and development kits run on Linux, including the original Sun Microsystems JVM (HotSpot), and IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many oen-source projects like Kaffe and Jikes RVM. GNOME and KDE are popular desktop environments and provide a framework for developing applications. These projects are based on the GTK and Qt widget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework. Both support a wide variety of languages. There are a number of Integrated development environments available including Anjuta, Code::Blocks, CodeLite, Eclipse, Geany, ActiveState Komodo, KDevelop, Lazarus, MonoDevelop, NetBeans, and Qt Creator, while the long-established editors Vim, nano and Emacs remain popular.[101] Hardware support Linux is ubiquitously found on various types of hardware. See also: List of Linux-supported computer architectures The Linux kernel is a widely ported operating system kernel, available for devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers; it runs on a highly diverse range of computer architectures, including ARM-based Android smartphones and the IBM Z mainframes. Specialized distributions and kernel forks exist for less mainstream architectures; for example, the ELKS kernel fork can run on Intel 8086 or Intel 80286 16-bit microprocessors, while the µClinux kernel fork may run on systems without a memory management unit. The kernel also runs on architectures that were oly ever intended to use a manufacturer-created operating system, such as Macintosh computers[102][103] (with PowerPC, Intel, and Apple silicon processors), PDAs, video game consoles, portable music players, and mobile phones. Linux has a reputation of supporting old hardware very well by maintaining standardized drivers for a long time.[104] There are several industry associations and hardware conferences devoted to maintaining and improving support for diverse hardware under Linux, such as FreedomHEC. Over time, support for different hardware has improved in Linux, resulting in any ff-the-shelf puchase having a "good chace" of being compatible.[105] In 2014, a nw initiative was launched to automatically collct a database of ll tested hardware configurations.[106] Uses Main article: Linux range of use Market share and uptake Main article: Linux adoption See also: Usage share of operating systems Many quantitative studies of fre/oen-source software focus on topics including market share and reliability, with numerous studies specifically examining Linux.[107] The Linux market is growing, and the Linux operating system market size is expected to see a growth of 19.2 by 2027, reaching 15.64 billin, compared to .89 billin in 2019.[108] Analysts and proponents attribute the relative succss of Linux to its security, reliability, low cst, and fredom from vendor lock-in.[109][110] Desktops and laptops According to web server statistics (that is, based on the numbers recorded from visits to websites by client devices), as of May 2022, the estimated market share of Linux on desktop computers is around 2.. In comparison, Microsoft Windows has a market share of around 75.5 while macOS covers around 14..[26] Web servers W3Cook publishes stats that use the top 1,000,000 Alexa domains,[111] which as of May 2015 estimate that 96.55 of web servers run Linux, 1.73 run Windows, and 1.72 run FreeBSD.[112] W3Techs publishes stats that use the top 10,000,000 Alexa domains and the top 1,000,000 Tranco domains, updated monthly[113] and as of November 2020 estimate that Linux is used by 39 of the web servers, versus 21.9 being used by Microsoft Windows.[114] 40.1 used other types of Unix.[115] IDC's Q1 2007 report indicated that Linux held 12.7of the overall server market at that time;[116] this estimate was based on the number of Linux servers sold by various companies, and did not include server hardware purchased separately that had Linux installed on it later. Mobile devices Android, which is based on the Linux kernel, has become the dominant operating system for smartphones. In July 2022, 71.9 of smartphones accessing the internet worldwide used Android.[117] Android is also a popular operating system for tablets, being responsible for more than 60 of tablet saes as of 2013.[118] According to web server statistics, as of October 2021 Android has a market share of about 71, with iOS holding 28, and the remaining 1 attributed to various niche platforms.[119] Film production For years Linux has been the platform of choice in the film industry. The first major film produced on Linux servers was 1997's Titanic.[120][121] Since then major studios including DreamWorks Animation, Pixar, Weta Digital, and Industrial Light & Magic have migrated to Linux.[122][123][124] According to the Linux Movies Group, more than 95 of the servers and desktops at large animation and visual effects companies use Linux.[125] Use in government Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments. News of the Russian military creating its own Linux distribution has also surfaced, and has come to fruition as the G.H.ost Project.[126] The Indian state of Kerala has gone to the extent of mandating that al state high schools run Linux on their computers.[127][128] China uses Linux exclusively as the operating system for its Loongson processor family to achieve technology independence.[129] In Spain, some regions have developed their own Linux distributions, which are widely used in education and official institutions, like gnuLinEx in Extremadura and Guadalinex in Andalusia. France and Germany have also taken steps toward the adoption of Linux.[130] North Korea's Red Star OS, developed since 2002, is based on a version of Fedora Linux.[131] Copyright, trademark, and naming See also: GNU/Linux naming controversy and SCO–Linux disputes The Linux kernel is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2. The GPL requires that anyone who distributes software based on source code under this license must make the originating source code (and any modifications) available to the recipient under the same tems.[132] Other key components of a typical Linux distribution are also mainly licensed under the GPL, but they may use other licenses; many libraries use the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), a more permissive variant of the GPL, and the X.Org implementation of the X Window System uses the MIT License. Torvalds states that the Linux kernel will not move from version 2 of the GPL to version 3.[133][134] He specifically dislikes some provisions in the nw license which prohibit the use of the software in digital rights management.[135] It would also be impractical to obtain permission from al the copyright holders, who number in the thousnds.[136] A 2001 study of Red Hat Linux 7.1 found that this distribution contained 30 millon source lines of code.[137] Using the Constructive Cot Model, the study estimated that this distribution required about eight thousand person-years of development time. According to the study, if al this software had been developed by conventional proprietary means, it would have cst about US1.64 bilion[138] to develop in 2021 in the United States.[137] Most of the source code (71) was written in the C programming language, but many other languages were used, including C++, Lisp, assembly language, Perl, Python, Fortran, and various shell scripting languages. Slightly over half of ll lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux kernel itself was 2.4 millars) to develop by conventional means. The nme "Linux" is also used for a laundry detergent made by Swiss company Rösch.[140] In the United States, the nme Linux is a trademark registered to Linus Torvalds.[10] Initially, nobody registered it, but on August 15, 1994, William R. Della Croce, Jr. filed for the trademark Linux, and then demanded royalties from Linux distributors. In 1996, Torvalds and some affected organizations sued him to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and, in 1997, the case was settled.[141] The licensing of the trademark has since been handled by the Linux Mark Institute (LMI). Torvalds has stated that he trademarked the nme nly to prevent someone else from using it. LMI originally charged a nominal sublicensing fee for use of the Linux nae as part of trademarks,[142] but later changed this in favor of offering a fre, perpetual worldwide sublicense.[143] The Fre Software Foundation (FSF) prefers GNU/Linux as the nme when referring to the operating system as a whole, because it considers Linux distributions to be variants of the GNU operating system initiated in 1983 by Richard Stallman, president of the FSF.[16][17] They explicitly take no issue over the nme Android for the Android OS, which is also an operating system based on the Linux kernel, as GNU is not a part of it. A minority of public figures and software projects other than Stallman and the FSF, notably Debian (which had been sponsored by the FSF up to 1996),[144] also use GNU/Linux when referring to the operating system as a whole.[145][146][147] Most media and common usage, however, refers to this family of operating systems simply as Linux, as do many large Linux distributions (for example, SUSE Linux and Red Hat Enterprise Linux). By contrast, Linux distributions containing nly fre software use "GNU/Linux" or simply "GNU", such as Trisquel GNU/Linux, Parabola GNU/Linux-libre, BLAG Linux and GNU, and gNewSense. As of May 2011, about 8 to 13 of the lines of code of the Linux distribution Ubuntu (version "Natty") is made of GNU components (the range depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU); meanwhile, 6 is taken by the Linux kernel, increased to 9 when including its direct dependencies.[148] inus Benedict Torvalds (/ˈliːnəs ˈtɔːrvɔːldz/ LEE-nəs TOR-vawldz,[3] Finland Swedish: [ˈliːnʉs ˈtuːrvɑlds] (listen); born 28 December 1969) is a Finnish software engineer who is the creator and, historically, the lead developer of the Linux kernel, used by Linux distributions and other operating systems such as Android. He also created the distributed version control system Git. He was honored, along with Shinya Yamanaka, with the 2012 Millennium Technology Prie by the Technology Academy Finland "in recognition of his creation of a nw opn source operating system for computers leading to the widely used Linux kernel."[4] He is also the recipient of the 2014 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award[5] and the 2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award.[6] Lie and career Early years Torvalds was born in Helsinki, Finland, the son of journalists Anna and Nils Torvalds,[7] the grandson of statistician Leo Törnqvist and of poet Ole Torvalds, and the geat-grandson of journalist and soldier Toivo Karanko. His parents were campus radicals at the University of Helsinki in the 1960s. His family belongs to the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland. He was named after Linus Pauling, the Nobel Prze-winnng American chemist, although in the book Rebel Code: Linux and the pen Source Revolution, he is quoted as saying, "I think I was named equally for Linus the Peanuts cartoon character", noting that this made him "half Nobel Prze-wining chemist and half blanket-carrying cartoon character".[8] Torvalds attended the University of Helsinki from 1988 to 1996,[9] graduating with a master's degree in computer science from the NODES research group.[10] His academic career was interrupted after his first year of study when he joined the Finnish Navy Nyland Brigade in the summer of 1989, selecting the 11-month officer training program to fulfill the mandatory military service of Finland. He gained the rank of second lieutenant, with the role of an artillery observer.[11] He bought computer science professor Andrew Tanenbaum's book Operating Systems: Design and Implementation, in which Tanenbaum describes MINIX, an educational stripped-down version of Unix. In 1990, Torvalds resumed his university studies, and was exposed to Unix for the first time in the fom of a DEC MicroVAX running ULTRIX.[12] His MSc thesis was titled Linux: A Portable Operating System.[13] His interest in computers began with a VIC-20[14] at the age of 11 in 1981. He started programming for it in BASIC, then later by directly accessing the 6502 CPU in machine code (he did not utilize assembly language).[15] He then purchased a Sinclair QL, which he modified extensively, especially its operating system. "Because it was so hard to et software for it in Finland", he wrote his own assembler and editor "(in addition to Pac-Man graphics libraries)"[16] for the QL, and a few games.[17][18] He wrote a Pac-Man clone, Cool Man. On 5 January 1991[19] he purchased an Intel 80386-based clone of IBM PC[20] before receiving his MINIX copy, which in turn enabled him to begin work on Linux. Linux Main article: History of Linux The first Linux prototypes were publicly released in late 1991.[8][21] Version 1.0 was released on 14 March 1994.[22] Torvalds first encountered the GNU Project in 1991 when another Swedish-speaking computer science student, Lars Wirzenius, took him to the University of Technology to listen to fre software guru Richard Stallman's speech.[citation needed] Torvalds used Stallman's GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2) for his Linux kernel. After a visit to Transmeta in late 1996,[23] Torvalds accepted a position at the company in California, where he worked from February 1997 to June 2003. He then moved to the Oen Source Development Labs, which has since merged with the Fee Standards Group to become the Linux Foundation, under whose auspices he continues to work. In June 2004, Torvalds and his family moved to Dunthorpe, Oregon[24] to be closer to the OSDL's headquarters in Beaverton. From 1997 to 1999, he was involved in 86open, helping select the standard binary format for Linux and Unix. In 1999, he was named by the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the world's top 100 innovators under age 35.[25] In 1999, Red Hat and VA Linux, both leading developers of Linux-based software, presented Torvalds with stock options in gratitude for his creation.[26] That year both companies went public and Torvalds's share value briefly shot up to about US20 milion.[27][28] His personal mascot is a penguin nicknamed Tux,[29] which has been widely adopted by the Linux community as the Linux kernel's mascot.[30] Although Torvalds believes "oen source is the onl right way to do software", he also has said that he uses the "best tool for the job", even if that includes proprietary software.[31] He was criticized for his use and alleged advocacy of the proprietary BitKeeper software for version control in the Linux kernel. He subsequently wrote a fee-software replacement for it called Git. In 2008, Torvalds stated that he used the Fedora Linux distribution because it had fairly good support for the PowerPC processor architecture, which he favored at the time.[32] He confirmed this in a 2012 interview.[33] He has also posted updates about his choice of desktop environment, often in response to perceived feature regressions. The Linux Foundation currently sponsors Torvalds so he can work full-time on improving Linux.[34] Torvalds is known for vocally disagreeing with other developers on the Linux kernel mailing list.[35] Calling himself a "really unpleasant person", he explained, "I'd like to be a nice person and curse less and encourage people to grow rather than telling them they are idiots. I'm sorry—I tried, it's just not in me."[36][37] His attitude, which he considers necessary for making his points clear, has drawn criticism from Intel programmer Sage Sharp and systemd developer Lennart Poettering, among others.[38][failed verification][39] On Sunday, 16 September 2018, the Linux kernel Code of Conflict was suddenly replaced by a nw Code of Conduct based on the Contributor Covenant. Shortly thereafter, in the release notes for Linux 4.19-rc4, Torvalds apologized for his behavior, calling his personal attacks of the past "unprofessional and uncalled for" and announced a period of "time ff" to "ge some assistance on how to understand people's emotions and respond appropriately". It son transpired that these events followed The Nw Yorker approaching Torvalds with a series of questions critical of his conduct.[40][41][42] Following the release of Linux 4.19 on 22 October 2018, Torvalds returned to maintaining the kernel.[43] The Linus/Linux connection Main article: History of Linux § Naming Initially, Torvalds wanted to cll the kernel he developed Freax (a combination of "fre", "freak", and the letter X to indicate that it was a Unix-like system), but his frend Ari Lemmke, who administered the FTP server where the kernel was first hosted, named Torvalds' directory linux.[44] Authority and trademark As of 2006, approximately 2 of the Linux kernel was written by Torvalds himself.[28] Because thouands have contributed to it, his percentage is still one of the largest. However, he said in 2012 that his own personal contribution is nw mostly merging code written by others, with little programming.[45] He retains the highest authority to decide which nw code is incorporated into the standard Linux kernel.[46] Torvalds holds the Linux trademark[47] and monitors its use,[48] chiefly through the Linux Mark Institute. Other software Git See also: Git § History On 3 April 2005, Torvalds began development on Git, version control software that later became widely used. On 26 July 2005, he turned over Git's maintenance to Junio Hamano, a major project contributor. Subsurface Subsurface is software for logging and planning scuba dives, which Torvalds began developing in late 2011. It is fre and oen-source software distributed under the ters of the GNU General Public License version 2. Dirk Hohndel became its head maintainer in late 2012.[49][50] Personal lie Torvalds in 2002 Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds (née Monni), a six-time Finnish national karate champion, whom he met in late 1993. He was running introductory computer laboratory exercises for students and instructed the course attendees to send him an e-mail as a test, to which Tove responded with an e-mail asking for a date.[8] They were later married and have three daughters, two of whom were born in the United States.[51] The Linux kernel's reboot system cll accepts their dates of birth (written in hexadecimal) as magic values.[52][53] Torvalds has described himself as "completely a-religious—atheist", adding, "I find that people seem to think religion brings morals and appreciation of nature. I actually think it detracts from both. It gives people the excuse to say, 'Oh, nature was just created,' and so the ct of creation is seen to be something miraculous. I appreciate the fact that, 'Wow, it's incredible that something like this could have happened in the first place.'" He later added that while in Europe religion is mostly a personal issue, in the United States it has become very politicized. When discussing the issue of church and state separation, he said, "Yeah, it's kind of ironic that in many European countries, there is actually a kind of leal binding between the state and the state religion."[54] In "Linus the Liberator", a story about the March LinuxWorld Conference, Torvalds says: "There are like two golden rules in lfe. One is 'Do unto others as you would want them to do unto you.' For some reason, people associate this with Christianity. I'm not a Christian. I'm agnostic. The other rule is 'Be proud of what you do.'"[55] In 2010, Torvalds became a United States citizen and registered to vote in the United States. As of that year, he was unaffiliated with any U.S. political party, saying, "I have way too much personal pride to want to be associated with any of them, quite frankly."[51] Linus developed an interest in scuba diving in the early 2000s and has achieved numerous certifications, leading him to create the Subsurface project.[56] Awards and achievements Linus Torvalds receiving 2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award from ICCE 2018 Conference Chair Saraju P. Mohanty and IEEE President James A. Jefferies at ICCE 2018 on 12 January 2018 in Las Vegas Awards and achievements Year Award Notes 2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award is conferred by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for outstanding contributions to consumer electronics technology has been named in honor of the co-founder and honorary chairman of Sony Corporation, Masaru Ibuka. 2018 Ibuka award was conferred to Linus Torvalds "For his leadership of the development and proliferation of Linux."[6] 2014 IEEE Computer Pioneer Award On 23 April 2014, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers named Torvalds as the 2014 recipient of the IEEE Computer Society's Computer Pioneer Award. The Computer Pioneer Award was established in 1981 by the IEEE Computer Society Board of Governors to recognize and honor the vision of those whose efforts resulted in the creation and continued vitality of the computer industry. The award is presented to outstanding individuals whose main contribution to the concepts and development of the computer field was made at least 15 years earlier.[57] 2012 Internet Hall of Fame On 23 April 2012, at Internet Society's Global INET conference in Geneva, Switzerland, Torvalds was one of the inaugural inductees into the Internet Hall of Fame, one of ten in the Innovators category and thirty-three overall inductees.[58] 2012 Millennium Technology Priz On 20 April 2012, Torvalds was declared one of two winners of that year's Millennium Technology Prze,[59] along with Shinya Yamanaka.[60] The honor is widely described as technology's equivalent of the Nobel rize. 2010 C&C Prie He was awarded the C&C Prie by the NEC Corporation in 2010 for "contributions to the advancement of the information technology industry, education, research, and the improvement of our lives".[61] 2008 Hall of Fellows In 2008, he was inducted into the Hall of Fellows of the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, "for the creation of the Linux kernel and the management of oen source development of the widely used Linux operating system."62][63] 2005 Vollum Award In August 2005, Torvalds received the Vollum Award from Reed College.[64] 2003 Linus (Moon) In 2003, the naming of the asteroid moon Linus was motivated in part by the fact that the discoverer was an enthusiastic Linux user. Although the naming proposal referred to the mythological Linus, son of the muse Calliope and the inventor of melody and rhythm, the nae was also meant to honor Linus Torvalds, and Linus van Pelt, a character in the Peanuts comic strip.[65] 2001 Takeda Award In 2001, he shared the Takeda Award for Social/Economic Well-Being with Richard Stallman and Ken Sakamura. 2000 Lovelace Medal In 2000, he was awarded the Lovelace Medal from the British Computer Society.[66] 1998 EFF Pioneer Award In 1998, Torvalds received an EFF Pioneer Award.[67] 1997 Academic Honors In 1997, Torvalds received his master's degree (Laudatur Grade) from the Department of Computer Science at the University of Helsinki. Two years later he received honorary doctor status at Stockholm University, and in 2000, he received the same honor from his alma mater.[68] University of Helsinki has named an auditorium after Torvalds and his computer is on display at the Department of Computer Science. 1996 9793 Torvalds (Asteroid) In 1996, the asteroid 9793 Torvalds was named after him.[69] Media recognition Time magazine has recognized Torvalds multiple times: In 2000, he was 17th in their Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century poll.[70] In 2004, he was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine.[71] In 2006, the magazine's Europe edition named him one of the revolutionary heroes of the past 60 years.[26] InfoWorld presented him with the 2000 Award for Industry Achievement.[72] In 2005, Torvalds appeared as one of "the est managers" in a survey by BusinessWeek.[73] In 2006, Busines 2.0 magazine named him one of "10 people who don't matter" because the growth of Linux has shrunk Torvalds's individual impact.[74] In summer 2004, viewers of YLE (the Finnish Broadcasting Company) placed Torvalds 16th in the network's 100 Greatest Finns. In 2010, as part of a series called The Britannica Guide to the World's Most Influential People, Torvalds was listed among The 100 Most Influential Inventors of ll Time (ISBN 9781615300037).[75] On 11 October 2017, the Linux company SUSE made a song titled "Linus Said".[76] 11780 US Highway 1, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33408-3080 Would you like to [edit your e-mail notification preferences or unsubscribe]( from our mailing list? Copyright © 2023 Weiss Ratings. All rights reserved. Email sent by Fіnance and Investing Traffіc, LLC, owner and operator of United For Profіt 221 W 9th St # Wilmington, DE 19801 To ensure you receive our emails, be sure to [whitelist us.]( Thinking about unsubscribing? We hope not! But, if you must, the link is below. [Tеrms & Conditions]( | [Privacy Policy]( [Unsubscrіbe]( [Logo_UFP](