The cost of the ArriveCAN app and new allegations of possible fraud have highlighted the problems. [View in browser](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP4QxAWh0dHBzOi8vbWVzc2FnaW5nLWN1c3RvbS1uZXdzbGV0dGVycy5ueXRpbWVzLmNvbS9keW5hbWljL3JlbmRlcj9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD01MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF9jbmRhXzIwMjQwMzIzJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTExODMzNiZpc1ZpZXdJbkJyb3dzZXI9dHJ1ZSZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNjE1NjcmdGU9MSZ1cmk9bnl0JTNBJTJGJTJGbmV3c2xldHRlciUyRjhiNjY2ZjQxLTY2MDUtNWRmOC05YTllLThmZDM4NzZjOTlmMCZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmX7L6j-ZUj6AbxSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~)|[nytimes.com](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0SzaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTUwJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjMmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9MTE4MzM2Jm5sPWNhbmFkYS1sZXR0ZXImcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTE2MTU2NyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD)[Continue reading the main story](#) [Ad](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0SeaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9MjA3NjE5JmxpPUNOREEmbT1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkNyZwPUNOREFfMjAyNDAzMjMmdGU9MSZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjNXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) [Canada Letter](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0S5aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vY2FuYWRhP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTUwJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjMmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9MTE4MzM2Jm5sPWNhbmFkYS1sZXR0ZXImcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTE2MTU2NyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) March 23, 2024 The Governmentâs Struggles With Outsourcing Software Development [Author Headshot](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TAaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vYnkvaWFuLWF1c3Rlbj9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD01MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF9jbmRhXzIwMjQwMzIzJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTExODMzNiZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNjE1NjcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmX7L6j-ZUj6AbxSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) By [Ian Austen](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TAaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vYnkvaWFuLWF1c3Rlbj9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD01MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF9jbmRhXzIwMjQwMzIzJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTExODMzNiZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNjE1NjcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmX7L6j-ZUj6AbxSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) Relative to the 496 billion Canadian dollars the federal government spent last year, the amounts are small. But this weekâs revelations surrounding millions of dollars in potentially fraudulent billings by subcontractors, along with the continuing ArriveCAN app scandal, show what a big mess developing software can be for the government. [Jean-Yves Duclos, wearing a suit, gestures with both hands as he speaks before Parliament.]
Jean-Yves Duclos, the procurement minister, blamed paper contracts for a potential multimillion-dollar fraud. Blair Gable/Reuters Even after an extensive investigation, Karen Hogan, the auditor general, said [she could not](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TfaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub2FnLWJ2Zy5nYy5jYS9pbnRlcm5ldC9FbmdsaXNoL29zaF8yMDI0MDIxNF9lXzQ0NDM5Lmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9NTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyMyZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMTgzMzYmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTYxNTY3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~) [determine](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TmaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2JjLmNhL25ld3MvcG9saXRpY3MvYXVkaXRvci1nZW5lcmFsLXJlcG9ydC1hcnJpdmVjYW4tMS43MTExMDQzP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTUwJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjMmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9MTE4MzM2Jm5sPWNhbmFkYS1sZXR0ZXImcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTE2MTU2NyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) exactly what it had cost to create ArriveCAN, which was rushed out in 2020 to collect contact and health information from international travelers during the Covid-19 pandemic and to coordinate quarantine measures. [Ms. Hoganâs best guess](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TlaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub2FnLWJ2Zy5nYy5jYS9pbnRlcm5ldC9FbmdsaXNoL3Bhcmxfb2FnXzIwMjQwMl8wMV9lXzQ0NDI4Lmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9NTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyMyZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMTgzMzYmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTYxNTY3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~) is about 60 million dollars for an app that was widely derided as difficult to use. Its original budget was 2.3 million dollars. This week, as federal officials announced measures to [tighten oversight of government procurement](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP4QFAWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmNhbmFkYS5jYS9lbi9wdWJsaWMtc2VydmljZXMtcHJvY3VyZW1lbnQvbmV3cy8yMDI0LzAzL3Byb2N1cmVtZW50LWltcHJvdmVtZW50LWFjdGlvbi1wbGFuLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9NTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyMyZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMTgzMzYmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTYxNTY3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~), particularly for software services, they said that the government had asked the Royal Canadian Mounted Police to investigate 5 million dollars in invoices from three software contractors as potential frauds. The officials did not name the companies but said the suspicious billings were not related to ArriveCAN. Citing the criminal investigation, Jean-Yves Duclos, the minister of public services and procurement, declined to offer details about the potential frauds. But he suggested that the contractors had taken advantage of the fact that government contracts were mostly in paper form to bill several government departments for the same work. âWhen everything was done on paper until recently, it was difficult for departments to coordinate and to share that information,â he said at a news conference. Mr. Duclos noted that 98 percent of contracts are now in electronic form, allowing officials to easily search for attempts at fraudulent duplicate billing. The political debate around ArriveCAN and the auditor generalâs report highlighted that within the government procurement system, millions of dollars flow to companies that donât actually create software. Those companies are instead middlemen that find software developers to do the work and then skim off a large portion of the contractâs value for their efforts. In the case of ArriveCAN, the middleman was a two-person company called GC Strategies. The auditor general estimates that the company took in 19 million dollars from the project. At a parliamentary hearing, one of the companyâs owners, Darren Anthony, claimed that [the correct figure was about 11 million dollars](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TwaHR0cHM6Ly9uYXRpb25hbHBvc3QuY29tL25ld3MvY2FuYWRhL2djLXN0cmF0ZWdpZXMtYXJyaXZlY2FuLXRlc3RpbW9ueS1kYXJyZW4tYW50aG9ueT9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD01MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF9jbmRhXzIwMjQwMzIzJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTExODMzNiZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNjE1NjcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmX7L6j-ZUj6AbxSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~). He also said that he had not read the auditor generalâs report and did not intend to do so. Whatever the amount, Mr. Anthony said that he and his business partner were left with about 2.5 million dollars over two years after paying the subcontractors who actually made the app. He said the company had devoted about 30 to 40 hours a month to the project. After the release of the auditor generalâs report, the government suspended all dealings with GC Strategies. [Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-universal-0) ADVERTISEMENT [Ad](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0SeaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9MjA3NjE2JmxpPUNOREEmbT1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkNyZwPUNOREFfMjAyNDAzMjMmdGU9MSZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjNXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) Prof. [Daniel Henstra](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TZaHR0cHM6Ly91d2F0ZXJsb28uY2EvcG9saXRpY2FsLXNjaWVuY2UvcHJvZmlsZXMvZGFuaWVsLWhlbnN0cmE_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9NTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyMyZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMTgzMzYmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTYxNTY3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~), a political scientist who studies public administration at the University of Waterloo, told me that the rise of companies like GC Strategies was a direct consequence of the governmentâs decades-long shift from having public servants develop software to contracting out the work. When a project needs to be done on a tight deadline, as ArriveCAN was, the usual procurement system is âalmost impossible to follow,â he said. Even if government officials can identify all the necessary subcontractors â which Professor Henstra said is rare â certifying that they are up to the task and then making contracts with each of them would overwhelm the system. [Members of Parliament lining up to vote in the House of Commons.]
The cost of the ArriveCAN app has been a recent focus of parliamentary scrutiny. Blair Gable/Reuters For government officials, companies like GC Strategies are âlike gold,â Professor Henstra said. âItâs very expedient for government to just shift money through one of these companies, which are basically just a coordination company, and have them find the actual contractors to get the work done.â [Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-universal-0) ADVERTISEMENT [Ad](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0SeaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9MjAzNTA1JmxpPUNOREEmbT1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkNyZwPUNOREFfMjAyNDAzMjMmdGU9MSZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjNXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) But, he said, at both the federal and provincial levels, the arrangement sometimes âblows up,â as with ArriveCAN, and prompts uncomfortable questions about exactly what the middlemen are doing in exchange for millions of dollars of public money. Professor Henstra said that he believes governments in Canada now generally contract out too much work â including the policy consulting work he himself does for the federal government. âIf we had a strong policy analysis capacity in government, there would be no need for my services,â he said. âThey would be doing it, and should be doing it, in the government.â But the days when the government had an army of software coders who spent their entire careers in the public service are probably not coming back, he said. [Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-universal-0) ADVERTISEMENT [Ad](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0SeaHR0cHM6Ly9saXZlaW50ZW50Lm5ld3lvcmt0aW1lc2luZm8uY29tL2NsaWNrP3M9NzI4OTY3JmxpPUNOREEmbT1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkNyZwPUNOREFfMjAyNDAzMjMmdGU9MSZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjNXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) Demand for experienced software developers continues to outstrip supply despite recent tech industry layoffs, Professor Henstra said, and no government is likely to want to assume the cost of outbidding companies like Google or Microsoft for their services. âThere should be more of this capacity within government,â he said. âThe trade-off is that when you do things within government, itâs expensive and it probably takes longer.â Still, Professor Henstra said, despite the heated political debate now underway, the ballooning cost of the ArriveCAN app and the recent fraud allegations are exceptions. âThe government does get things done, and its relationship with contractors actually works quite well for the most part,â he said. âThere is room for bad actors to break the law, and when they get detected, they get prosecuted. But in the meantime, most of these contracts happen all in good faith, theyâre on the up and up, and they serve the public interest.â Trans Canada [A Tesla assembly line with workers standing on either side of cars being put together.]
Justin Kaneps for The New York Times - A Canadian man who lives in China was arrested after trying to [sell secret battery manufacturing technology](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TraHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyNC8wMy8xOS9idXNpbmVzcy90ZXNsYS10cmFkZS1zZWNyZXRzLXVzLWF0dG9ybmV5Lmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9NTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyMyZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMTgzMzYmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTYxNTY3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~) belonging to Tesla, prosecutors say.
- The British photographer Toby Coulson has documented the life of his aunt, the artist Joan Jonas, at [her summer home](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TsaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyNC8wMy8yMi9hcnRzL2Rlc2lnbi9qb2FuLWpvbmFzLWNhcGUtYnJldG9uLWNhbmFkYS5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTUwJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjMmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9MTE4MzM2Jm5sPWNhbmFkYS1sZXR0ZXImcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTE2MTU2NyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) in Cape Breton.
- In Real Estate, the What You Get feature looks at what $700,000 [can buy in Quebec](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TlaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyNC8wMy8yMi9yZWFsZXN0YXRlL21vbnRyZWFsLWhvbWVzLWZvci1zYWxlLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9NTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyMyZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMTgzMzYmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTYxNTY3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~).
- After some [backroom negotiations](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TraHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyNC8wMy8xOC93b3JsZC9jYW5hZGEvY2FuYWRhLXBhcmxpYW1lbnQtZ2F6YS12b3RlLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9NTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyMyZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMTgzMzYmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTYxNTY3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~) that led to a series of amendments, the government backed a motion on Gaza and Israel from the New Democrats. The Conservative Party firmly rejected it. A native of Windsor, Ontario, Ian Austen was educated in Toronto, lives in Ottawa and has reported about Canada for The New York Times for two decades. Follow him on Bluesky: [@ianausten.bsky.social](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TJaHR0cHM6Ly9ic2t5LmFwcC9wcm9maWxlL2lhbmF1c3Rlbi5ic2t5LnNvY2lhbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD01MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF9jbmRhXzIwMjQwMzIzJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTExODMzNiZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNjE1NjcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmX7L6j-ZUj6AbxSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) How are we doing?
Weâre eager to have your thoughts about this newsletter and events in Canada in general. Please send them to [nytcanada@nytimes.com](mailto:nytcanada@nytimes.com?%20subject=Canada%20Letter%20Newsletter%20Feedback). Like this email?
Forward it to your friends, and let them know they can sign up [here](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TtaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vbmV3c2xldHRlcnMvY2FuYWRhLWxldHRlcj9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD01MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF9jbmRhXzIwMjQwMzIzJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTExODMzNiZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNjE1Njcmc21pZD1ueXRlbWFpbCZzbXZhcj1jYW5hZGFsZXR0ZXImdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmX7L6j-ZUj6AbxSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~). [Continue reading the main story](#a11y-skip-universal-0) Need help? Review our [newsletter help page](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TeaHR0cHM6Ly9oZWxwLm55dGltZXMuY29tL2hjL2VuLXVzL2FydGljbGVzLzM2MDAwMTQ4ODI2Ni1OZXdzbGV0dGVycz9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD01MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF9jbmRhXzIwMjQwMzIzJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTExODMzNiZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNjE1NjcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmX7L6j-ZUj6AbxSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) or [contact us](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TdaHR0cHM6Ly9oZWxwLm55dGltZXMuY29tL2hjL2VuLXVzL2FydGljbGVzLzExNTAxNTM4NTg4Ny1Db250YWN0LXVzP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTUwJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjMmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9MTE4MzM2Jm5sPWNhbmFkYS1sZXR0ZXImcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTE2MTU2NyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) for assistance. You received this email because you signed up for Canada Letter from The New York Times. To stop receiving Canada Letter, [unsubscribe](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TaaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vbmV3c2xldHRlcnMvb3B0b3V0P2VtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjMmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZwcm9kdWN0PUNOREEmc2VuZF9pZD0xNjE1NjcmdGU9MSZ0b2tlbj04MzhkZmQ1MmVkOTA1OTk3ZTE2NjQyMTViZmZiNWQxNGUxMGE5MTQ3MmRkYzQ0MGRkMWM4NjQ0ODI3ZDQ5OWQwYzZhYWY0ODRkYjJjYmNlNzRjOGZkYjNhNWI2ODA0NzBXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD). To opt out of other promotional emails from The Times, including those regarding The Athletic, [manage your email settings](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TNaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vbmV3c2xldHRlcnMvbWFuYWdlP2VtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjMmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZzZW5kX2lkPTE2MTU2NyZ0ZT0xJnRva2VuPTdiMWQ3ZjAzYjkwYTM1YzFmOTk5MTJhYzc2YjVhNzBlODUzMjg3YWUzM2Q2MjFjOTY4YmI3YTUzZWYyYjBkNTMzNDliZjc4ZjExMTkyYzIwYmY0ZTIxY2RhMWU4ZmZkNlcDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~). To opt out of updates and offers sent from The Athletic, [submit a request](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TQaHR0cHM6Ly90aGVhdGhsZXRpYy56ZW5kZXNrLmNvbS9oYy9lbi11cy9yZXF1ZXN0cy9uZXc_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9NTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyMyZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMTgzMzYmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTYxNTY3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~). [Subscribe to The Times](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TQaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vc3Vic2NyaXB0aW9uP2NhbXBhaWduSWQ9OVJYNzgmY2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9NTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyMyZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMTgzMzYmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTYxNTY3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~)[Get The New York Times app](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TNaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vc2VydmljZXMvbW9iaWxlL2luZGV4Lmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9NTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyMyZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMTgzMzYmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTYxNTY3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~) Connect with us on: [facebook](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0S8aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjZWJvb2suY29tL255dGltZXMvP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTUwJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjMmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9MTE4MzM2Jm5sPWNhbmFkYS1sZXR0ZXImcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTE2MTU2NyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) [twitter](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0S2aHR0cHM6Ly90d2l0dGVyLmNvbS9ueXRpbWVzP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTUwJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjMmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9MTE4MzM2Jm5sPWNhbmFkYS1sZXR0ZXImcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTE2MTU2NyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD) [instagram](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0S9aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaW5zdGFncmFtLmNvbS9ueXRpbWVzLz9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD01MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF9jbmRhXzIwMjQwMzIzJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTExODMzNiZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNjE1NjcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmX7L6j-ZUj6AbxSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) [Change Your Email](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0THaHR0cHM6Ly9teWFjY291bnQubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vbWVtL2VtYWlsLmh0bWw_Y2FtcGFpZ25faWQ9NTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyMyZpbnN0YW5jZV9pZD0xMTgzMzYmbmw9Y2FuYWRhLWxldHRlciZyZWdpX2lkPTc3Njc0OTUyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9MTYxNTY3JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1hYTQ5MWVmN2YxZDk2NGU0OTc5ZmI3ODRlNzRlMDFkN1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~)[Privacy Policy](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TpaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vY29udGVudC9oZWxwL3JpZ2h0cy9wcml2YWN5L3BvbGljeS9wcml2YWN5LXBvbGljeS5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTUwJmVtYz1lZGl0X2NuZGFfMjAyNDAzMjMmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9MTE4MzM2Jm5sPWNhbmFkYS1sZXR0ZXImcmVnaV9pZD03NzY3NDk1MiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTE2MTU2NyZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9YWE0OTFlZjdmMWQ5NjRlNDk3OWZiNzg0ZTc0ZTAxZDdXA255dEIKZfsvqP5lSPoBvFIbdHJpc3RyYW1iYWxkd2luOTBAZ21haWwuY29tWAQAAAAD)[Contact Us](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TPaHR0cHM6Ly9teWFjY291bnQubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vbWVtYmVyY2VudGVyL2hlbHAuaHRtbD9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD01MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF9jbmRhXzIwMjQwMzIzJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTExODMzNiZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNjE1NjcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmX7L6j-ZUj6AbxSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~)[California Notices](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0TMaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vcHJpdmFjeS9jYWxpZm9ybmlhLW5vdGljZT9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD01MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF9jbmRhXzIwMjQwMzIzJmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTExODMzNiZubD1jYW5hZGEtbGV0dGVyJnJlZ2lfaWQ9Nzc2NzQ5NTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD0xNjE1NjcmdGU9MSZ1c2VyX2lkPWFhNDkxZWY3ZjFkOTY0ZTQ5NzlmYjc4NGU3NGUwMWQ3VwNueXRCCmX7L6j-ZUj6AbxSG3RyaXN0cmFtYmFsZHdpbjkwQGdtYWlsLmNvbVgEAAAAAw~~) [LiveIntent Logo](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0RSaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubGl2ZWludGVudC5jb20vcG93ZXJlZC1ieT90ZT0xJm5sPWNhbmFkYS1sZXR0ZXImZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyM1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~)[AdChoices Logo](~/AAAAAQA~/RgRn4S0vP0RSaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubGl2ZWludGVudC5jb20vYWQtY2hvaWNlcz90ZT0xJm5sPWNhbmFkYS1sZXR0ZXImZW1jPWVkaXRfY25kYV8yMDI0MDMyM1cDbnl0Qgpl-y-o_mVI-gG8Uht0cmlzdHJhbWJhbGR3aW45MEBnbWFpbC5jb21YBAAAAAM~) The New York Times Company. 620 Eighth Avenue New York, NY 10018