🖼️ Picture Reveals End of Gas Stations

𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑤, ℎ𝑒’𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖… ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒.   [New Trading View Logo]( [New Trading View Logo]( 𝐴𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠, 𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑖𝑒𝑤 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑎𝑡. Dear Reader, Investigative reporter and PhD, Nomi Prins is at [𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐒𝐓 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚]( to no longer 𝗈𝖿𝖿𝖾𝗋 gasoline. As you’ll see in the picture below, 𝖺𝗅𝗅 of the traditional pumps are gone! Further information: History of the Han Dynasty Early Born in the town of Xi'e in Nanyang Commandery (north of the modern Nanyang City in Henan province), Zhang Heng came from a distinguished but not affluent family.[5][6][7] His grandfather Zhang Kan (å¼µå ª) had been governor of a commandery and one of the leaders who supported the restoration of the Han by Emperor Guangwu (r. 25–57), following the death of the usurping Wang Mang of the Xin (AD 9–23).[5][8][9][10] When he was ten, Zhang's father died, leaving him in the care of his mother and grandmother.[9] An accomplished writer in his youth, Zhang left home in the year 95 to pursue his studies in the capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang.[5] While traveling to Luoyang, Zhang passed by a hot spring near Mount Li and dedicated one of his earliest fu poems to it.[11] This work, entitled "Fu on the Hot Springs" (Wēnquán fù 溫泉賦), describes the throngs of people attending the hot springs, which later became famous as the "Huaqing Hot Springs", a favorite retreat of imperial concubine Yang Guifei during the Tang dynasty.[12] After studying for some years at Luoyang's Taixue, he was well-versed in the classics and friends with several notable persons, including the mathematician and igrapher Cui Yuan (78–143), the official and philosophical commentator Ma Rong (79–166), and the philosopher Wang Fu (78–163).[5][7] Government authorities offered Zhang appointments to several offices, including a position as one of the Imperial Secretaries, yet he ed modestly and declined.[5][11] At age 23, Zhang returned with the title "Officer of Merit in Nanyang", serving as the master of documents under the administration of Governor Bao De (in office from 103 to 111).[5][7][8] As he was charged with composing inscriptions and dirges for the governor, he gained experience in writing official documents.[8] As Officer of Merit in the commandery, he was also responsible for local appointments to office and recommendations to the capital of nominees for higher office.[13] He spent much of his time composing rhapsodies on the capital cities. When Bao De was reed to the capital in 111 to serve as a minister of, Zhang continued his literary in Xi'e.[5][8][11] Zhang Heng began his studies in astronomy at the age of 30 and began publishing his works on astronomy and mathematics.[8] Official career Further information: Government of the Han Dynasty In 112, Zhang was summoned to the court of Emperor An (r. 106–125), who had heard of his expertise in mathematics.[8] When he was nominated to serve at the capital, Zhang was escorted by carriage—a symbol of his official status—to Luoyang, where he became a court gentleman working for the Imperial Secretariat.[5][8] He was promoted to Chief Astronomer for the court, serving his first term from 115 to 120 under Emperor An and his second under the succeeding emperor from 126 to 132.[8] As Chief Astronomer, Zhang was a subordinate of the Minister of Ceremonies, one of Nine Ministers ranked just below the Three Excellencies.[14] In addition to recording heavenly observations and portents, preparing the calendar, and reporting which days were auspicious and which ill-omened, Zhang was also in charge of an advanced literacy test for candidates to the Imperial Secretariat and the Censorate, both of whose s were required to know at least 9,000 charers and major writing styles.[14][15] Under Emperor An, Zhang also served as Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages under the Ministry of Guards, in charge of receiving memorials to the throne (formal essays on policy and administration) as well as nominees for official appointments.[16][17] Left: ceramic statues of horse-drawn chariots from the tomb of the of Liu Xu (劉胥), Prince Li of Guangling (廣陵厲王), a son of Emperor Wu of Han who committed suicide 53 BC; right: a Western Han terracotta cavalier figurine wearing robes and a hat; as Chief Astronomer, Zhang Heng earned a fixed salary and rank of 600 bushels of grain (which was mostly commuted to payments in coinage currency or bolts of silk), and so he would have worn a specified type of robe, ridden in a specified type of carriage, and held a unique emblem that marked his status in the official hierarchy.[18][19] When the government official Dan Song proposed the Chinese calendar should be reformed in 123 to adopt certain apocryphal teachings, Zhang opposed the idea. He considered the teachings to be of questionable stature and believed they could introduce errors.[5] Others shared Zhang's opinion and the calendar was not altered, yet Zhang's proposal that apocryphal writings should be banned was rejected.[5] The officials Liu Zhen and Liu Taotu, s of a committee to compile the dynastic history Dongguan Hanji (東觀漢記), sought permission from the court to consult Zhang Heng.[5] However, Zhang was barred from assisting the committee due to his controversial views on apocrypha and his objection to the relegation of Gengshi Emperor's (r. 23–25) role in the restoration of the Han Dynasty as lesser than Emperor Guangwu's.[20][21] Liu Zhen and Liu Taotu were Zhang's historian ies at court, and after their deaths Zhang had no further opportunities for promotion to the prestigious post of court historian.[20] Despite this setback in his official career, Zhang was reappointed as Chief Astronomer in 126 after Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125–144) ascended to the throne.[18][22] His intensive astronomical work was rewarded with the rank and salary of 600 bushels, or shi, of grain (mostly commuted to coin or bolts of silk).[18][23] To place this number in context, in a hierarchy of twenty official ranks, the lowest-paid official earned the rank and salary of 100 bushels and the highest-paid official earned 10,000 bushels during the Han.[24] The 600-bushel rank was the lowest the emperor could directly appoint to a central government position; any official of lower status was overseen by central or provincial officials of high rank.[25] In 132, Zhang introduced an intricate seismoscope to the court, which he claimed could detect the precise cardinal direction of a distant earthquake.[26] On one occasion his device indicated that an earthquake had occurred in the northwest. As there was no perceivable tremor felt in the capital his political enemies were briefly able to relish the failure of his device,[26] until a messenger arrived shortly afterwards to report that an earthquake had occurred about 400 km (248 mi) to 500 km (310 mi) northwest of Luoyang in Gansu province.[26][27][28][29] A pottery miniature of a palace made during the Han Dynasty; as a palace attendant, Zhang Heng had personal to Emperor Shun and the right to escort him A year after Zhang presented his seismoscope to the court, officials and candidates were asked to provide comments about a series of recent earthquakes which could be interpreted as signs of displeasure from Heaven.[18] The ancient Chinese viewed natural calamities as cosmological punishments for misdeeds that were perpetrated by the Chinese ruler or his subordinates on earth. In Zhang's memorial discussing the reasons behind these natural disasters, he criticized the recruitment system of Zuo Xiong which fixed the age of eligible candidates for the title "Filial and Incorrupt" at age forty.[18] The system also transferred the power of the candidates' assessment to the Three Excellencies rather than the Generals of the Household, who by tradition oversaw the affairs of court gentlemen.[18] Although Zhang's memorial was rejected, his status was significantly elevated after to Palace Attendant, a position he used to influence the decisions of Emperor Shun.[17][18] With this prestigious position, Zhang earned a salary of 2,000 bushels and had the right to escort the emperor.[30] As Palace Attendant to Emperor Shun, Zhang Heng attempted to convince him that the court eunuchs represented a threat to the imperial court. Zhang pointed to specific examples of past court intrigues involving eunuchs, and convinced Shun that he should assume greater authority and limit their influence.[18] The eunuchs attempted to slander Zhang, who responded with a fu rhapsody ed "Fu on Pondering the Mystery", which vents his frustration.[12] Rafe de Crespigny states that Zhang's rhapsody used imagery similar to Qu Yuan's (340–278 BC) poem "Li Sao" and focused on whether or not good men should flee the corrupted world or remain virtuous within it.[18][31] Eastern Han tomb brick depicting the courtyard of a wealthy family's. Zhang enjoyed a short period of retirement at his in Xi'e, Nanyang, before being ed back to the capital, where he died in 139. Literature and poetry Further information: Chinese literature and Society and culture of the Han Dynasty An Eastern Han earthenware figurine of the Queen Mother of the West. Zhang fantasized about her in his "Rhapsody on Contemplating the Mystery" (思玄賦), yet the pleasures of the flesh and immortality that she could were not tempting enough to sway his heart which was set elsewhere.[32] While working for the central court, Zhang Heng had to a variety of written materials located in the Archives of the Eastern Pavilion.[33] Zhang read many of the works of history in his day and claimed he had found ten instances where the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian (145–90 BC) and the Book of Han by Ban Gu (AD 32–92) differed from other ancient texts that were available to him.[5][34] His account was preserved and recorded in the 5th-century text of the Book of Later Han by Fan Ye (398–445).[34] His rhapsodies and other literary works displayed a deep knowledge of classic texts, Chinese philosophy, and histories.[5] He also compiled a commentary on the Taixuan (太玄, "Mystery") by the Daoist author Yang Xiong (53 BC–AD 18).[7][8][18] Xiao Tong (501–531), a crown prince of the Liang Dynasty (502–557), immortalized several of Zhang's works in his literary anthology Selections of Refined Literature (Wen xuan 文選). Zhang's fu rhapsodies include "Western Metropolis Rhapsody" (XÄ« jÄ«ng fù 西京賦), "Eastern Metropolis Rhapsody" (Dōng jÄ«ng fù 東京賦), "Southern Capital Rhapsody" (Nán dÅ« fù 南都賦), "Rhapsody on Contemplating the Mystery" (SÄ« xuán fù 思玄賦), and "Rhapsody on Returning to the Fields" (GuÄ« tián fù 歸田賦).[35] The latter fuses Daoist ideas with Confucianism and was a precursor to later Chinese metaphysical nature poetry, according to Liu Wu-chi.[36] A set of four short lyric poems (shi è©©) entitled "Lyric Poems on Four Sorrows" (Sì chóu shÄ« 四愁詩), is also included with Zhang's preface. This set constitutes some of the earliest heptasyllabic shi Chinese poetry written.[37][38] While still in Luoyang, Zhang became inspired to write his "Western Metropolis Rhapsody" and "Eastern Metropolis Rhapsody", which were based on the "Rhapsody on the Two Capitals" by the historian Ban Gu.[5] Zhang's work was similar to Ban's, although the latter fully praised the contemporaneous Eastern Han regime while Zhang provided a warning that it could suffer the same fate as the Western Han if it too declined into a state of decadence and moral depravity.[5] These two works satirized and criticized what he saw as the excessive of the upper classes.[11] Zhang's "Southern Capital Rhapsody" commemorated his city of Nanyang, of the restorer of the Han Dynasty, Guangwu.[5] In Zhang Heng's poem "Four Sorrows", he laments that he is unable to woo a beautiful woman due to the impediment of mountains, snows and rivers.[8][18] Scholars Rafe de Crespigny and David R. Knechtges claim that Zhang wrote this as an innuendo hinting at his inability to keep in cont with the emperor, hindered by unworthy rivals and petty men.[8][18] This poem is one of the first in China to have seven words per line.[37] His "Four Sorrows" reads: A Western Han terracotta figurine of a serving lady and Han ceramic figures of women. In his poetry, Zhang Heng expressed his affinity for gracious and commendable women. As well as being a painter, Zhang also crafted figurine sculptures similar to this one.[17] 我所思兮在太山 欲往從之樑父艱 側身東望涕沾翰 美人贈我金錯刀 ä½•ä»¥å ±ä¹‹è‹±ç“Šç‘¤ è·¯é èŽ«è‡´å€šé€é™ 何爲懷憂心煩勞 In Taishan stays my dear sweetheart, But Liangfu keeps us long apart; Looking east, I find tears start. She gives me a sword to my delight; A jade I give her as requite. I'm at a loss as she is out of sight; Why should I trouble myself night? In another poem of his ed "Stabilizing the Passions" (Dìng qíng fù 定情賦) — preserved in a Tang Dynasty (618–907) encyclopedia, but referred to earlier by Tao Qian (365–427) in praise of Zhang's lyrical minimalism — Zhang displays his admiration for an attrive and exemplary woman.[39] This simpler type of fu poem influenced later works by the prominent official and scholar Cai Yong (132–192).[37] Zhang wrote: 夫何妖女之淑麗 光華豔而秀容 斷當時而呈美 å† æœ‹åŒ¹è€Œç„¡é›™ Ah, the chaste beauty of this uring woman! She shines with flowery charms and blooming face. She is unique among her contemporaries. She is without a peer among her comrades. Eastern Han tomb models of watchtowers; the one on the left has crossbowmen in the top balcony. Zhang wrote that Western Han emperors were entertained by displays of archery from the balconies of towers along Chang'an's Kunming Lake. Zhang's long lyrical poems also revealed a amount of information on urban layout and basic geography. His rhapsody "Sir Based-On-Nothing" provides details on terrain, palaces, hunting parks, markets, and prominent buildings of Chang'an, the Western Han capital.[11][35] Exemplifying his attention to detail, his rhapsody on Nanyang described gardens filled with spring garlic, summer bamboo shoots, autumn leeks, winter rape-turnips, perilla, evodia, and purple ginger.[40] Zhang Heng's writing confirms the size of the imperial hunting park in the suburbs of Chang'an, as his estimate for the circumference of the park's encircling w agrees with the historian Ban Gu's estimate of roughly 400 li (one li in Han times was equal to 415.8 m, or 1,364 ft, making the circumference of the park w 166,320 m, or 545,600 ft).[41] Along with Sima Xiangru (179–117 BC), Zhang listed a variety of animals and hunting game inhabiting the park, which were divided in the northern and southern portions of the park according to where the animals had originy come from: northern or southern China.[42] Somewhat similar to the description of Sima Xiangru, Zhang described the Western Han emperors and their entourage enjoying boat outings, water plays, fishing, and displays of archery taring birds and other animals with stringed arrows from the tops of t towers along Chang'an's Kunming Lake.[43] The focus of Zhang's writing on specific places and their terrain, society, people, and their customs could also be seen as early attempts of ethnographic categorization.[44] In his poem "Xijing fu", Zhang shows that he was aware of the foreign religion of Buddhism, introduced via the Silk Road, as well as the legend of the birth of Buddha with the vision of the white elephant bringing about conception.[45] In his "Western Metropolis Rhapsody" (西京賦), Zhang described court entertainments such as juedi (角抵), a of theatrical wrestling accompanied by music in which participants butted heads with bull horn masks.[46] Eastern Han tomb painting of two men engrossed in conversation; Zhang's shelun or hypothetical discourse, involved a written dialogue between imaginary or real persons to demonstrate how one could lead an exemplary With his "Responding to Criticism" (Ying jian 應間), a work modeled on Yang Xiong's "Justification Against Ridicule",[47] Zhang was an early writer and proponent of the Chinese literary genre shelun, or hypothetical discourse. Authors of this genre created a written dialogue between themselves and an imaginary person (or a real person of their entourage or association); the latter poses questions to the author on how to lead a successful .[48] He also used it as a means to criticize himself for failing to obtain high office, but coming to the conclusion that the true gentleman displays virtue instead of greed for power.[18] In this work, Dominik Declercq asserts that the person urging Zhang to advance his career in a time of government corruption most likely represented the eunuchs or Empress Liang's (116–150) powerful relatives in the Liang clan.[22] Declercq states that these two groups would have been "anxious to know whether this famous scholar could be lured over to their side", but Zhang flatly rejected such an alignment by declaring in this politiy charged piece of literature that his gentlemanly quest for virtue trumped any desire of his for power.[49] Zhang wrote about the various love affairs of emperors dissatisfied with the imperial harem, going out into the city incognito to seek out prostitutes and sing-song girls. This was seen as a general criticism of the Eastern Han emperors and their imperial favorites, guised in the criticism of earlier Western Han emperors.[50] Besides criticizing the Western Han emperors for lavish decadence, Zhang also pointed out that their behavior and ceremonies did not properly conform with the Chinese cyclical beliefs in yin and yang.[51] In a poem criticizing the previous Western Han Dynasty, Zhang wrote: 得之者強， 據之者久。 流長則難竭， 柢深則難朽。 故奢泰肆情， 馨烈彌茂。 Those who this territory were strong; Those who depended on it endured. When a stream is long, its water is not easily exhausted. When roots are deep, they do not rot easily. Therefore, as extravagance and ostentation were given rein, The odor became pungent and increasingly fulsome. A late Eastern Han (25-220 AD) Chinese tomb mural showing lively scenes of a banquet (yà nyǐn 宴飲), dance and music (wǔyuè 舞樂), acrobatics (bǎixì 百戲), and wrestling (xiāngbÅ« 相扑), from the Dahuting Tomb, on the southern of the Suihe River in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China (just west of Xi County) Achievements in science and technology Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty Mathematics See also: Chronology of computation of π, Chinese mathematics, and History of geometry § Chinese geometry For centuries the Chinese approximated pi as 3; Liu Xin (d. AD 23) made the first known Chinese attempt at a more accurate calculation of 3.1457,[52] but there is no record detailing the method he used to obtain this figure.[53][54] In his work around 130,[55] Zhang Heng compared the celestial circle to the diameter of the earth, proportioning the former as 736 and the latter as 232, thus calculating pi as 3.1724.[56] In Zhang's day, the ratio 4:3 was given for the area of a square to the area of its inscribed circle and the volume of a cube and volume of the inscribed sphere should also be 42:32.[56] In formula, with D as diameter and V as volume, D3:V = 16:9 or V={\displaystyle {\tfrac {9}{16}}}\tfrac{9}{16}D3; Zhang realized that the value for diameter in this formula was inaccurate, noting the discrepancy as the value taken for the ratio.[54][56] Zhang then attempted to remedy this by amending the formula with an additional {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{16}}}\tfrac{1}{16}D3, hence V={\displaystyle {\tfrac {9}{16}}}\tfrac{9}{16}D3 + {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{16}}}\tfrac{1}{16}D3 = {\displaystyle {\tfrac {5}{8}}}\tfrac{5}{8}D3.[56] With the ratio of the volume of the cube to the inscribed sphere at 8:5, the implied ratio of the area of the square to the circle is √8:√5.[56][57] From this formula, Zhang calculated pi as the square root of 10 (or approximately 3.162).[17][18][56][57][58] Zhang also calculated pi as {\displaystyle {\tfrac {730}{232}}}\tfrac{730}{232} = 3.1466 in his book Ling Xian (靈憲).[59] In the 3rd century, Liu Hui made the calculation more accurate with his π algorithm, which owed him to obtain the value 3.14159.[60] Later, Zu Chongzhi (429–500) approximated pi as {\displaystyle {\tfrac {355}{113}}}\tfrac{355}{113} or 3.141592, the most accurate calculation for pi the ancient Chinese would achieve.[61] Astronomy See also: Chinese astronomy Printed star map of Su Song (1020–1101) showing the south polar projection A Western Han Dynasty Chinese silk banner from a 2nd-century BC tomb at Mawangdui; this funerary banner shows a sliver Moon in the top left and the Sun in the top right, both with their cosmological representations of the toad and raven, respectively. In his publication of AD 120 ed The Spiritual Constitution of the Universe (靈憲, Ling Xian, lit. "Sublime Model"),[18][62] Zhang Heng theorized that the universe was like an egg "as round as a crossbow pellet" with the stars on the shell and the Earth as the central yolk.[4][63] This universe theory is congruent with the geocentric model as opposed to the heliocentric model. Although the ancient Warring States (403–221 BC) Chinese astronomers Shi Shen and Gan De had compiled China's first star catalogue in the 4th century BC, Zhang nonetheless catalogued 2,500 stars which he placed in a "brightly shining" category (the Chinese estimated the total to be 14,000), and he recognized 124 constellations.[18][63] In comparison, this star catalogue featured many more stars than the 850 documented by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus (c. 190–c.120 BC) in his catalogue, and more than Ptolemy (AD 83–161), who catalogued over 1,000.[64] Zhang supported the "radiating influence" theory to explain solar and lunar eclipses, a theory which was opposed by Wang Chong (AD 27–97).[65] In the Ling Xian, Zhang wrote: 夫日譬猶火，月譬猶水，火則外光，水則含景。故月光生於日之所照，魄生於日之所蔽，當日則光盈，就日則光盡也。 The Sun is like fire and the Moon like water. The fire gives out light and the water reflects it. Thus the moon's brightness is produced from the radiance of the Sun, and the Moon's darkness is due to (the light of) the sun being obstructed. The side which faces the Sun is fully lit, and the side which is away from it is dark. è¡†æ˜Ÿè¢«ç‡¿ï¼Œå› æ°´è½‰å…‰ã€‚ç•¶æ—¥ä¹‹è¡ï¼Œå…‰å¸¸ä¸åˆè€…ï¼Œè”½æ–¼åœ°ä¹Ÿã€‚æ˜¯è¬‚é—‡è™›ã€‚åœ¨æ˜Ÿæ˜Ÿå¾®ï¼ŒæœˆéŽå‰‡é£Ÿã€‚ The planets (as well as the Moon) have the nature of water and reflect light. The light pouring forth from the Sun does not always reach the moon owing to the obstruction of the earth itself—this is ed "à nxÅ«", a lunar eclipse. When (a similar effect) happens with a planet (we it) an occultation; when the Moon passes across (the Sun's path) then there is a solar eclipse. The owner you see in this picture… Installed [𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩]( and 𝗇𝖾𝗏𝖾𝗋 looked back… even in the face of high gas 𝗉𝗋𝗂𝖼𝖾𝗌. And 𝗇𝗈𝗐, he’s revealed to Nomi… his colleagues are doing the same. 500,000 more stations are going up nationwide. It’s a small army of gas station clerks leading this fight. And you WILL NOT be able to fill your traditional gas cans or cars at these upgraded stations. Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA, DFBCS, RDI (born 8 June 1955),[1] also known as TimBL, is an English computer scientist best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is a Professorial Fellow of Computer Science at the University of Oxford[2] and a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[3][4] Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on 12 March 1989,[5][6] then implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.[7][8][9][10][11] Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web. He co-founded (with his then--to-be Rosemary Leith) the World Wide Web Foundation. He is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).[12] He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI)[13] and a of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.[14][15] In 2011, he was named as a of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation.[16] He is a founder and president of the Data Institute and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe.[17] He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server, and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He currently directs the W3 Consortium, developing tools and standards to further the Web's potential. In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.[18][19] In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work.[20][21] He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century and has received a number of other accolades for his invention.[22] He was honoured as the "Inventor of the World Wide Web" during the 2012 Summer Olympics ing ceremony in which he appeared working with a vintage NeXT Computer.[23] He tweeted "This is for everyone"[24] which appeared in LED lights attached to the chairs of the audience.[23] He received the 2016 Turing Award "for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms owing the Web to scale".[25] Early and education Berners-Lee was born on 8 June 1955 in London, England,[26] the eldest of the four children of Mary Lee Woods and Conway Berners-Lee; his brother Mike is a professor of ecology and climate change management. His parents were computer scientists who worked on the first commerciy built computer, the Ferranti Mark 1. He attended Sheen Mount Primary School, and then went on to attend south-west London's Emanuel School from 1969 to 1973, at the time a direct grant grammar school, which became an independent school in 1975.[1][20] A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway.[27] He studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, from 1973 to 1976, where he received a first-class Bachelor of Arts degree in physics.[1][26] While at university, Berners-Lee made a computer out of an old television set, which he bought from a repair shop.[28] Career and research Berners-Lee, 2005 After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole, Dorset.[26] In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown, Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers.[26] Berners-Lee worked as an independent contror at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.[29] To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.[30] After leaving CERN in late 1980, he went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems, Ltd, in Bournemouth, Dorset.[31] He ran the company's technical side for three years.[32] The project he worked on was a "real-time remote procedure " which gave him experience in computer networking.[31] In 1984, he returned to CERN as a fellow.[30] In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe and Berners-Lee saw an to join hypertext with the Internet: I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—ta-da!—the World Wide Web. — Tim Berners-Lee[33] Creating the web was rey an of desperation, because the situation without it was very difficult when I was working at CERN later. Most of the technology involved in the web, like the hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects, had been designed already. I just had to put them toher. It was a step of generalising, going to a higher level of abstrion, thinking about the documentation systems out there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary documentation system. — Tim Berners-Lee[34] This NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first web server. Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It then was accepted by his manager, Mike Send, who ed his proposals "vague, but exciting".[35] Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to the web the ground.[30] They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which Berners-Lee designed and built the first web browser. His software also functioned as an editor (ed WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon). Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on 20 December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network. The site provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to started with your own website.[36][37][38][39][28] On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet, a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project.[40] In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web was ranked , with the entry stating, "The fastest growing communications of time, the Internet has changed the shape of modern forever. We can connect with each other instantly, over the world."[41] In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made his idea available ly, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty- technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone.[42] Berners-Lee participated in Curl Corp's attempt to develop and promote the Curl programming language.[43] In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset.[44] In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web.[45][46] In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he easily could have designed web without the slashes. "There you go, it seemed like a good idea at the time," he said in his lighthearted apology.[47] Policy work Tim Berners-Lee at the Office, London, on 11 March 2010 In June 2009, then-British prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Berners-Lee would work with the UK government to help make data more and ible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.[48] Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK government project to up almost data acquired for official purposes for reuse. Commenting on the ing up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said: "The changes signal a wider cultural change in government based on an assumption that information should be in the public domain unless there is a good reason not to—not the other way around." He went on to say: "Greater ness, accountability and transparency in Government will give people greater choice and make it easier for individuals to more directly involved in issues that matter to them."[49] Berners-Lee speaking at the launch of the World Wide Web Foundation In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in to campaign to "advance the Web to empower ity by launching transformative programs that build local capacity to leverage the Web as a for positive change".[50] Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality,[51] and has expressed the view that ISPs should supply "connectivity with ", and should neither control nor monitor the browsing ivities of customers without their expressed consent.[52][53] He advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of network right: "Threats to the Internet, such as companies or governments that interfere with or snoop on Internet, compromise basic network rights."[54] Berners-Lee participated in an letter to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC). He and 20 other Internet pioneers urged the FCC to a vote on 14 December 2017 to uphold net neutrality. The letter was addressed to Senator Roger Wicker, Senator Brian Schatz, Representative Marsha Blackburn and Representative Michael F. Doyle.[55] Berners-Lee's tweet, "This is for everyone",[24] at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London Berners-Lee joined the board of advisors of start-up State.com, based in London.[56] As of May 2012, he is president of the Data Institute,[57] which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012. The iance for Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013 and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google, Facebook, Intel and Microsoft. The A4AI seeks to make Internet more so that is broadened in the developing world, where 31 of people are online. Berners-Lee will work with those aiming to decrease Internet s so that they f below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide tar of 5 of monthly .[58] Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and is leading Solid, a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radiy change the way Web applications work, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy.[59] In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow[60] and as a fellow of Christ Church, one of the Oxford colleges.[61] Tim Berners-Lee at the Science Museum for the Web@30 event, March 2019 From the mid 2010s Berners-Lee initiy remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal for with its controversial Digital Rights Management (DRM) implications.[62] In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal.[62] He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable.[62] As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017.[63][62] His stance was opposed by some including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign Defective by Design and the Software Foundation.[63] Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's philosophy against commercial interests and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content.[62] The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed and the EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017.[64] On 30 September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his -source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's owed to see certain elements and which apps are owed to see that data.[65][66] In November 2019 at the Internet Governance Forum in Berlin Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contr for the Web, a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to "misuse", with the warning that "if we don't – and toher – to prevent the web being misused by those who want to exploit, divide and undermine, we are at risk of squandering [its potential for good]".[67] Awards and honours Main article: List of awards and honours received by Tim Berners-Lee "He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it , nonproprietary and ." —Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century, March 1999.[22] Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 Year Honours "for services to the global development of the Internet", and was invested formy on 16 July 2004.[20][21] On 13 June 2007, he was appointed to the of Merit (OM), an restricted to 24 (living) s.[68] Bestowing ship of the of Merit is within the personal purview of the Queen and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001.[69] He was also elected as a into the American Philosophical Society in 2004[70] and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007. He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940s), Harvard and Yale.[71][72][73] In 2012, Berners-Lee was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his that he most admires to mark his 80th birthday.[74][75] In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth for Engineering.[76] On 4 April 2017, he received the 2016 ACM Turing Award "for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms owing the Web to scale".[25] Zhang Heng (Chinese: 張衡; AD 78–139), formerly romanized as Chang Heng, was a Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman who lived during the Han dynasty. Educated in the capital cities of Luoyang and Chang'an, he achieved as an astronomer, mathematician, seismologist, hydraulic engineer, inventor, geographer, cartographer, ethnographer, artist, poet, philosopher, politician, and literary scholar. Zhang Heng began his career as a minor civil servant in Nanyang. Eventuy, he became Chief Astronomer, Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages, and then Palace Attendant at the imperial court. His uncompromising stance on historical and calendrical issues led to his becoming a controversial figure, preventing him from rising to the status of Grand Historian. His political rivalry with the palace eunuchs during the reign of Emperor Shun (r. 125–144) led to his decision to retire from the central court to serve as an administrator of Hejian Kingdom in present-day Hebei. Zhang returned to Nanyang for a short time, before being reed to serve in the capital once more in 138. He died there a year later, in 139. Zhang applied his extensive knowledge of mechanics and gears in several of his inventions. He invented the world's first water-powered armillary sphere to assist astronomical observation;[1] improved the inflow water clock by adding another tank;[2] and invented the world's first seismoscope, which discerned the cardinal direction of an earthquake 500 km (310 mi) away.[1][3][4] He improved previous Chinese calculations for pi. In addition to documenting about 2,500 stars in his extensive star catalog, Zhang also posited theories about the Moon and its relationship to the Sun: specifiy, he discussed the Moon's sphericity, its illumination by reflected sunlight on one side and the nature of the other, and the nature of solar and lunar eclipses. His fu (rhapsody) and shi poetry were renowned in his time and studied and analyzed by later Chinese writers. Zhang received many posthumous honors for his scholarship and ingenuity; some modern scholars have compared his work in astronomy to that of the Greco-Roman Ptolemy (AD 86–161). [𝐂𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐤 𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞]( or the video below so you can see… [Nomi filling up the car]( Sincerely, Maria Bonaventura Senior Managing Editor, Rogue Economics P.S. It’s hard to believe how excited these attendants are to make the switch. [𝐆𝐨 𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐨𝐦𝐢]( to see this gas station undergoing a radical change.   𝘠𝘰𝘶 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘦𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘯𝘦𝘸𝘴𝘭𝘦𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘣𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘰𝘱𝘵𝘦𝘥-𝘪𝘯 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘪𝘵 𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘴𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘸𝘦𝘣𝘴𝘪𝘵𝘦𝘴. Make sure you stay up to date with finance news by [whitelisting us](. [Privacy Policy]( l [Terms & Conditions]( [Unsubscribe]( Copyright © 2023 New Trading View.com All Rights Reserved[.]( 234 5th Ave, New York, NY 10001, United States [New Trading View Logo](