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[Privacy Policy]( [Terms & Conditions]( [Unsubscribe]( [financetechreport]( Here is the translation of the text you provided: --- These heartfelt lines by Volodymyr Sosiura are about Lysychansk, a city with a unique fate, an unmistakable appearance, strong labor traditions, and a rich, vibrant history. Lysychansk, a city of regional significance located in the northwestern part of the Luhansk region of Ukraine, is one of the oldest settlements in Donbas. According to the List of Historical Settlements of Ukraine, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 878 dated July 26, 2001, its foundation dates back to 1710. The Lysychansk City Council also governs the cities of Novodruzhesk and Pryvillia. As of October 1, 2011, the population was 120,845 people, including 7,943 in Novodruzhesk and 7,942 in Pryvillia. The city's area is 9,562 hectares. The distance from Lysychansk to Luhansk is 113 km by rail and 80 km by road. The city is served by two bus stations and four railway stations, the oldest of which, "Lysychansk," opened for train traffic on May 3, 1879. The city's coat of arms was approved by the decision of the 16th session of the City Council of People's Deputies of the 21st convocation on June 9, 1993. It features a shield framed by a black ribbon with the city's name written in Ukrainian at the top. The shield is painted in equal vertical proportions with the colors of the city flag, with a golden fox sitting on a piece of coal in the middle stripe. The liberation of Lysychansk from Nazi invaders in 1943 is celebrated as City Day on September 2. The emergence of Lysychansk is inextricably linked with the birth of the coal industry. In accordance with the decree of Catherine II dated November 14, 1795, the first mine in Donbas was laid in Lysychansk, which was part of the structure of the Luhansk Foundry and was intended to provide fuel for the plant, the Black Sea Fleet, industry, and the population of southern Russia. In 1799, for the first time in Russia, coal was coked at the mine for smelting ore and cast iron at the Luhansk Foundry. Until 1802, the Lysychansk coal mine was the only coal mining area in Russia. Near the mine, the first mining settlement emerged, which was known as "Lysychansk" from the mid-19th century. By 1801, the settlement of coal miners had 19 state houses and barracks, three state dugouts, 22 private houses, and seven private dugouts, with a population of 556 people, including 162 men, 149 women, and 245 children. Until the mid-1830s, the mine in Lysychansk was the main coal mining area in Donbas, producing three-quarters of the region's coal. The rapid development of the coal industry created a need for mining specialists. On September 1, 1873, the Steiger School was opened in Lysychansk, the first and, until 1878, the only educational institution for training steigers (mining foremen). It was one of the largest institutions of its kind, second only to the Ural Mining School in terms of the number of students. From its inception until 1917, the school graduated 705 steigers, whose professional training was highly valued in Russian coal enterprises. "The Lysychansk School produces the exact class of practical workers that our educational institutions rarely do," wrote D.I. Mendeleev after visiting it in 1888. In 1921, the Steiger School was transformed into a mining technical school. With the launch of the soda plant in Lysychansk in 1892, a new industry emerged - the chemical industry. For over half a century, the plant was a leading producer of soda in Russia. It was the first enterprise of this level in Donbas and the second in Europe. At the end of the 19th century, it employed over 900 permanent workers, and by 1916, 1,545 people. The rich natural resources of Lysychansk, which fostered the development of the coal and soda industries, also led to the emergence and growth of the glass industry. In the spring of 1913, the Livengoft Glass Company began building a glass factory in the village of Rubizhne, which started operating in May 1914. The plant's production volume exceeded that of all other glass factories combined, producing up to 250,000 poods of glass products. The development of industry required reliable transportation. In 1895, the Lysychansk-Kupiansk railway line was opened, and a station named "Nasvetevich" was established near the glass factory, named after General A.A. Nasvetevich (1837-1911), a hero of the Russo-Turkish War and the Balkan campaign, who donated part of his land for the railway construction. Thanks to the emergence and development of the coal, chemical, and glass industries, the equipping of factories with modern machinery, and the exploration and extraction of minerals, Lysychansk became a hub of industrial initiatives, experiments, and innovations. It was home to famous scientists, researchers, and engineers such as L.I. Lutugin, D.I. Mendeleev, I.I. Zelentsov, I.M. Dal, E.P. Kovalevsky, and others. Lysychansk entered the 20th century with significant economic potential, which was hindered by World War I and the revolutionary events that led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the civil war. However, the outbreak of war in 1914 sparked a patriotic surge among the masses, manifesting in demonstrations, charity actions for the army, and mass volunteerism. Students from the Lysychansk Gymnasium and the Steiger School became Red Cross members and active volunteers. Lysychansk native F.P. Medvedev distinguished himself on the fronts of World War I. Leaving his teaching job at the Lysychansk Steiger School, he joined the army voluntarily and quickly rose through the ranks after attending the Chuguyev Military School. For his courage, bravery, and military valor, he was awarded the Orders of St. Vladimir IV degree, St. Anna III degree, and St. George IV degree. In the Baltic Fleet, A. Manstein, a knowledgeable and brave officer, proved himself. He was the great-grandson of A.A. Nasvetevich, whose estate was in Rubizhne. After the October Revolution of 1917, the struggle for power in the Lysychansk region, as in the rest of the country, intensified, dividing the citizens into two opposing camps. On one side, the Lysychansk Council, led by Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, did not support the seizure of power in Petrograd. Members of the soldiers' section of the soda plant, which included returning soldiers (about 400 people), attempted to disband the Lysychansk Revolutionary Committee, disarm the plant's Red Guards, and fired at a military echelon retreating under the pressure of German Kaiser troops. On the other side, the majority of Lysychansk residents supported the establishment of Soviet power and actively defended it. In March 1918, a detachment of miners led by K. Lyashenko was formed, which joined the 5th Army of K.E. Voroshilov. Lysychansk miners and chemists participated in battles for Donbas in the Rodakovo station area and other places, and marched to Tsaritsyn with this army. --- Let me know if there's anything else you need! he Child Winston Churchill was born into the privileged world of the British aristocracy on November 30, 1874. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a younger son of the 7th Duke of Marlborough. His mother, Jennie Jerome, was the daughter of an American business tycoon, Leonard Jerome. Winston’s childhood was not a particularly happy one. Like many Victorian parents, Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill were distant. The family Nanny, Mrs Everest, became a surrogate mother to Winston and his younger brother, John S Churchill. The Soldier After passing out of Sandhurst and gaining his commission in the 4th Hussars’ in February 1895, Churchill saw his first shots fired in anger during a semi-official expedition to Cuba later that year. He enjoyed the experience which coincided with his 21st birthday. In 1897 Churchill saw more action on the North West Frontier of India, fighting against the Pathans. He rode his grey pony along the skirmish lines in full view of the enemy. “Foolish perhaps,” he told his mother, ” but I play for high stakes and given an audience there is no act too daring and too noble.” Churchill wrote about his experiences in his first book The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898). He soon became an accomplished war reporter, getting paid large sums for stories he sent to the press – something which did not make him popular with his senior officers. Using his mother’s influence, Churchill got himself assigned to Kitchener’s army in Egypt. While fighting against the Dervishes he took part in the last great cavalry charge in English history – at the Battle of Omdurman in 1898. The Politician Churchill was first elected to parliament in 1900 shortly before the death of Queen Victoria. He took his seat in the House of Commons as the Conservative Member for Oldham in February 1901 and made his maiden speech four days later. But after only four years as a Conservative he crossed the floor and joined the Liberals, making the flamboyant gesture of sitting next to one of the leading radicals, David Lloyd George. Churchill rose swiftly within the Liberal ranks and became a Cabinet Minister in 1908 – President of the Board of Trade. In this capacity and as Home Secretary (1910-11) he helped to lay the foundations of the post-1945 welfare state. His parliamentary career was far from being plain sailing and he made a number of spectacular blunders, so much so that he was often accused of having genius without judgement. The chief setback of his career occurred in 1915 when, as First Lord of the Admiralty, he sent a naval force to the Dardanelles in an attempt to knock Turkey out of the war and to outflank Germany on a continental scale. The expedition was a disaster and it marked the lowest point in Churchill’s fortunes. However, Churchill could not be kept out of power for long and Lloyd George, anxious to draw on his talents and to spike his critical guns, soon re-appointed him to high office. Their relationship was not always a comfortable one, particularly when Churchill tried to involve Britain in a crusade against the Bolsheviks in Russia after the Great War. Between 1922 and 1924 Churchill left the Liberal Party and, after some hesitation, rejoined the Conservatives. Anyone could “rat”, he remarked complacently, but it took a certain ingenuity to “re-rat”. To his surprise, Churchill was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by Stanley {NAME}, an office in which he served from 1924 to 1929. He was an ebullient if increasingly anachronistic figure, returning Britain to the Gold Standard and taking an aggressive part in opposing the General Strike of 1926. After the Tories were defeated in 1929, Churchill fell out with {NAME} over the question of giving India further self-government. Churchill became more and more isolated in politics and he found the experience of perpetual opposition deeply frustrating. He also made further blunders, notably by supporting King Edward VIII during the abdication crisis of 1936. Largely as a consequence of such errors, people did not heed Churchill’s dire warnings about the rise of Hitler and the hopelessness of the appeasement policy. After the Munich crisis, however, Churchill’s prophecies were seen to be coming true and when war broke out in September 1939 Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain appointed him First Lord of the Admiralty. So, nearly twenty-five years after he had left the post in pain and sorrow, the Navy sent out a signal to the Fleet: “Winston is back”. The War Leader For the first nine months of the conflict, Churchill proved that he was, as Admiral Fisher had once said, “a war man”. Chamberlain was not. Consequently the failures of the Norwegian Campaign were blamed on the pacific Prime Minister rather than the belligerent First Lord, and, when Chamberlain resigned after criticisms in the House of Commons, Churchill became leader of a coalition government. The date was May 10, 1940: it was Churchill’s, as well as Britain’s, finest hour. When the German armies conquered France and Britain faced the Blitz, Churchill embodied his country’s will to resist. His oratory proved an inspiration. When asked exactly what Churchill did to win the war, Clement Attlee, the Labour leader who served in the coalition government, replied: “Talk about it.” Churchill talked incessantly, in private as well as in public – to the astonishment of his private secretary, Jock Colville, he once spent an entire luncheon addressing himself exclusively to the marmalade cat. Churchill devoted much of his energy to trying to persuade President Roosevelt to support him in the war. He wrote the President copious letters and established a strong personal relationship with him. And he managed to get American help in the Atlantic, where until 1943 Britain’s lifeline to the New World was always under severe threat from German U-Boats. Despite Churchill’s championship of Edward VIII, and despite his habit of arriving late for meetings with the neurotically punctual King at Buckingham Palace, he achieved good relations with George VI and his family. Clementine once said that Winston was the last surviving believer in the divine right of kings. As Churchill tried to forge an alliance with the United States, Hitler made him the gift of another powerful ally – the Soviet Union. Despite his intense hatred of the Communists, Churchill had no hesitation in sending aid to Russia and defending Stalin in public. “If Hitler invaded Hell,” he once remarked, “I would at least make a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.” In December 1941, six months after Hitler had invaded Russia, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. The war had now become a global one. But with the might of America on the Allied side there could be no doubt about its outcome. Churchill was jubilant, remarking when he heard the news of Pearl Harbor: “So we have won after all!” However, America’s entry into the war also caused Churchill problems; as he said, the only thing worse than fighting a war with allies is fighting a war without them. At first, despite disasters such as the Japanese capture of Singapore early in 1942, Churchill was able to influence the Americans. He persuaded Roosevelt to fight Germany before Japan, and to follow the British strategy of trying to slit open the “soft underbelly” of Europe. This involved the invasions of North Africa, Sicily, and Italy – the last of which proved to have a very well armoured belly. It soon became apparent that Churchill was the littlest of the “Big Three”. At the Teheran Conference in November, 1943, he said, the “poor little English donkey” was squeezed between the great Russian bear and the mighty American buffalo, yet only he knew the way home. In June 1944 the Allies invaded Normandy and the Americans were clearly in command. General Eisenhower pushed across Northern Europe on a broad front. Germany was crushed between this advance and the Russian steamroller. On May 8, 1945 Britain accepted Germany’s surrender and celebrated Victory in Europe Day. Churchill told a huge crowd in Whitehall: “This is your victory.” The people shouted: “No, it is yours”, and Churchill conducted them in the singing of Land of Hope and Glory. That evening he broadcast to the nation urging the defeat of Japan and paying fulsome homage to the Crown. From all over the world Churchill received telegrams of congratulations, and he himself was generous with plaudits, writing warmly to General de Gaulle whom he regarded as an awkward ally but a bastion against French Communism. But although victory was widely celebrated throughout Britain, the war in the Far East had a further three months to run. The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki finally brought the global conflict to a conclusion. But at the pinnacle of military victory, Churchill tasted the bitterness of political defeat. The Elder Statesman Churchill expected to win the election of 1945. Everything pointed to his victory, from the primitive opinion polls to the cartoons in newspapers and the adulation Churchill received during the campaign, but he did not conduct it well. From the start he accused the Labour leaders – his former colleagues – of putting party before country and he later said that Socialists could not rule without a political police, a Gestapo. As it happened, such gaffes probably made no difference. The political tide was running against the Tories and towards the party which wholeheartedly favoured a welfare state – the reward for war-time sacrifices. But Churchill was shocked by the scale of his defeat. When Clementine, who wanted him to retire from politics, said that it was perhaps a blessing in disguise, Churchill replied that the blessing was certainly very effectively disguised. For a time he lapsed into depression, which sympathetic letters from friends did little to dispel. Soon, however, Churchill re-entered the political arena, taking an active part in political life from the opposition benches and broadcasting again to the nation after the victory over Japan. In defeat Churchill had always been defiant, but in victory he favoured magnanimity. Within a couple of years he was calling for a partnership between a “spiritually great France and a spiritually great Germany” as the basis for the re-creation of “the European family”. He was more equivocal about Britain’s role in his proposed “United States of Europe”, and, while the embers of the World War II were still warm, he announced the start of the Cold War. At Fulton, Missouri, in 1946, he pointed to the new threat posed by the Soviet Union and declared that an iron curtain had descended across Europe. Only by keeping the alliance between the English-speaking peoples strong, he maintained, could Communist tyranny be resisted. After losing another election in 1950, Churchill gained victory at the polls the following year. Publicly he called for “several years of quiet steady administration”. Privately he declared that his policy was “houses, red meat and not getting scuppered”. This he achieved. But after suffering a stroke and the failure of his last hope of arranging a Summit with the Russians, he resigned from the premiership in April 1955. “I am ready to meet my Maker,” Churchill had said on his seventy-fifth birthday; “whether my Maker is prepared for the great ordeal of meeting me is another matter”. Churchill remained a member of parliament, though an inactive one, and announced his retirement from politics in 1963. This took effect at the general election the following year. Churchill died on 24 January 1965 – seventy years to the day after the death of his father. He received the greatest state funeral given to a commoner since that of the Duke of Wellington. He was buried in Bladon churchyard beside his parents and within sight of his birthplace, Blenheim Palace. The Family Man In the autumn of 1908 Churchill, then a rising Liberal politician, married Clementine Hozier, granddaughter of the 10th Earl of Airlie. Their marriage was to prove a long and happy one, though there were often quarrels – Clementine once threw a dish of spinach at Winston (it missed). Clementine was high principled and highly strung; Winston was stubborn and ambitious. His work invariably came first, though, partly as a reaction against his own upbringing, he was devoted to his children. Winston and Clementine’s first child, Diana, was born in 1909. Diana was a naughty little girl and continued to cause her parents great distress as an adult. In 1932 she married John Bailey, but the marriage was unsuccessful and they divorced in 1935. In that year she married the Conservative politician, Duncan Sandys, and they had three children. That marriage also proved a failure. Diana had several nervous breakdowns and in 1963 she committed suicide. The Churchills’ second child and only son, Randolph, was born in 1911. He was exceptionally handsome and rumbustious, and his father was very ambitious for him. During the 1930s Randolph stood for parliament several times but he failed to get in, being regarded as a political maverick. He did serve as Conservative Member of Parliament for Preston between 1940 and 1945, and ultimately became an extremely successful journalist and began the official biography of his father during the 1960s. Randolph was married twice, first in 1939 to Pamela Digby (later Harriman) by whom he had a son, Winston, and secondly in 1948 to June Osborne by whom he had a daughter, Arabella. Neither marriage was a success. The life of Sarah, the Churchills’ third child, born in 1914, was no happier than that of her elder siblings. Amateur dramatics at Chartwell led her to take up a career on the stage which flourished for a time. Sarah’s charm and vitality were also apparent in her private life, but her first two marriages proved unsuccessful and she was widowed soon after her third. Her first husband was a music hall artist called Vic Oliver whom she married against her parents’ wishes. Her second was Anthony Beauchamp but this marriage did not last and after their separation he committed suicide. In 1918 Clementine Churchill gave birth to a third girl, Marigold. But in 1921, shortly after the deaths of both Clementine’s brother and Winston’s mother, Marigold contracted septicaemia whilst on a seaside holiday with the childrens’ governess. When she died Winston was grief-stricken and, as his last private secretary recently disclosed in an autobiography, Clementine screamed like an animal undergoing torture. The following September the Churchills’ fifth and last child, Mary, was born. Unlike her brother and older sisters, Mary was to cause her parents no major worries. Indeed she was a constant source of support, especially to her mother. In 1947 she married Christopher Soames; who was then Assistant Military Attaché in Paris and later had a successful parliamentary and diplomatic career. Theirs was to be a long and happy marriage. Over the years Christopher became a valued confidant and counsellor to his father-in-law. They had five children, the eldest of whom (Nicholas) became a prominent member of the Conservative party. Christopher Soames died in 1987. The Private Man Churchill’s enormous reserves of energy and his legendary ability to exist on very little sleep gave him time to pursue a wide variety of interests outside the world of politics. Churchill loved gambling and lost what was, for him, a small fortune in the great crash of the American stock market in October 1929, causing a severe setback to the family finances. But he continued to write as a means of maintaining the style of life to which he had always been accustomed. Apart from his major works, notably his multi-volume histories of the First and Second World Wars and the Life of his illustrious ancestor John, first Duke of Marlborough, he poured forth speeches and articles for newspapers and magazines. His last big book was the History of the English-Speaking Peoples, which he had begun in 1938 and which was eventually published in the 1950s. In 1953 Churchill was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Churchill took up painting as an antidote to the anguish he felt over the Dardanelles disaster. Painting became a constant solace and preoccupation and he rarely spent a few days away from home without taking his canvas and brushes. Even during his tour of France’s Maginot Line in the middle of August 1939 Churchill managed to snatch a painting holiday with friends near Dreux. In the summer of 1922, while on the lookout for a suitable country house, Churchill caught sight of a property near Westerham in Kent, and fell instantly in love with it. Despite Clementine’s initial lack of enthusiasm for the dilapidated and neglected house, with its overgrown and seemingly unmanageable grounds, Chartwell was to become a much-loved family home. Clementine, however, never quite overcame her resentment of the fact that Winston had been less than frank with her over the buying of Chartwell, and from time to time her feelings surfaced. With typical enthusiasm, Churchill personally undertook many major works of construction at Chartwell such as a dam, a swimming pool, the building (largely with his own hands) of a red brick wall to surround the vegetable garden, and the re-tiling of a cottage at the bottom of the garden. In 1946 Churchill bought a farm adjoining Chartwell and subsequently derived much pleasure, though little profit, from farming. Churchill was born into the world of hunting, shooting and fishing and throughout his life they were to prove spasmodic distractions. But it was hunting and polo, first learned as a young cavalry officer in India, that he enjoyed most of all. In the summer of 1949, Churchill embarked on a new venture – he bought a racehorse. On the advice of Christopher Soames, he purchased a grey three-year-old colt, Colonist II. It was to be the first of several thoroughbreds in his small stud. They were registered in Lord Randolph’s colours – pink with chocolate sleeves and cap. (These have been adopted as the colours of Churchill College.) Churchill was made a member of the Jockey Club in 1950, and greatly relished the distinction. Among Winston’s closest friends were Professor Lindemann and the “the three B’s” (none popular with Clementine), Birkenhead, Beaverbook, Bracken. The Churchills entertained widely, including among their guests Charlie Chaplin, Albert Einstein and Lawrence of Arabia. Churchill regularly holidayed with rich friends in the Mediterranean, spending several cruises in the late 1950s as the guest of Greek millionaire shipowner, Aristotle Onassis. Editorial note Much of the information presented here was originally compiled by Josephine Sykes, Monica Halpin and Victor Brown. It was edited by Allen Packwood. There are cities in the world that are older, richer, and more famous, but the city of Luhansk is unique and unparalleled in its own way. This uniqueness lies in the dozens of generations of Luhansk residents who have lived on our land, built the city on the Luhan River, created, and fought for a better life, justice, and freedom. Our city is the creation of the hands of our distant and recent ancestors, embodying the ideas of our patriotic compatriots. Modern Luhansk is situated on an area of 286 square kilometers along both banks of the Luhan River. The official founding date of the city is considered to be November 1795, marked by the signing of the decree by Empress Catherine II to build the Luhansk Foundry Plant on the Luhan River near the village of Kamenny Brod. The construction of the plant was driven by the urgent need to strengthen the armament of the Black Sea Fleet and the fortresses of the Black Sea coast, which had come under Russian control after a series of Russo-Turkish wars. The fate of the plant is linked with several outstanding historical figures of the 18th-19th centuries: Russian Admiral Count Nikolai Mordvinov, engineer and statesman Mikhail Soymonov, Scottish engineer Charles Gascoigne, engineers Yevgraf Kovalevsky, Gustav Hess de Calve, Apollon Mevius, and Ivan Tyme. The plant was built over ten years. The necessary workforce was supplied by state factories in Russia, relocating hundreds of families from Lipetsk, Olonets, and Kherson factories. State settlements were attached to the plant. The Luhansk plant became the first major metallurgical plant in southern Russia. The first iron was produced at the plant in 1800, using coke for the first time in Russia. The plant supplied cannons and ammunition to the Black Sea Fleet, and Luhansk cannons participated in the Battle of Borodino, defending Russian interests in the Crimean War. The plant celebrated Russia's military glory by casting monuments commemorating victories in 1709 over the Swedes and in 1812 over the French, installed in Poltava and Novgorod. Initially, the construction of Luhansk proceeded without an officially approved plan. All vertical streets were called lines, and all horizontal streets had names. The very first street in the city was English Street (now V. I. Dahl Street), where English specialists invited to work at the Luhansk Foundry Plant by its first manager, C. Gascoigne, settled. Among those invited to the plant was also a doctor, I. M. Dahl, in whose family the renowned ethnographer and compiler of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language," Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl, was born in 1801. In memory of his birthplace, V. I. Dahl took the literary pseudonym "Kazakh of Luhansk." Early regular streets in Luhansk included Postal, Garden, Petersburg, Kazan, and Banking Streets, where foreign merchants, industrialists, and engineers settled, bringing architectural and cultural traditions from their countries to the provincial town. Banks, shops, cinemas, tailoring workshops, and photo studios were established, noisy fairs and theatrical performances were held. Over time, Petersburg Street became the central street of the city, now known as Lenin Street. These streets still form the core of the historic city center, while the settlement of Kamenny Brod remains the consistently working-class part of Luhansk. Low-rise houses are built here with active use of local construction material—marl. A certain architectural order in construction only emerged in the city at the end of the 19th century under the architect Bulatzel. The city experienced several severe floods, which influenced the characteristics of urban development. In provincial Luhansk, the city council, composed mainly of local nobility, was active. The mayor was elected. The most notable leaders of the provincial city included Nikolai Stefanovich, Sergey Ilyenko, and Nikolai Kholodilin. Under their leadership, the city became an enlightened, cultural center of the district, with museums, theaters, parks, zemstvo schools, and a hospital emerging.